電王戦で考える人工知能と人間の違い
電王戦というプロの棋士とコンピュータとの将棋の勝負がある。先日、その電王戦でコンピュータ側の反則負けというニュースがあった。反則負けの原因は、人間の指したある奇妙な手へのコンピュータの不対応だそうだ。その奇妙な手とは角の不成、つまり角を裏返せるという権利の放棄である。人間側のその奇妙な手により、コンピュータは自らが王手をかけられているという危機的状況の認識が出来なくなった。その結果、コンピュータは王手を無視してしまうという反則を犯したそうだ。
上述のように、コンピュータは予期せぬことに気づくことが出来なかった。それはコンピュータが記述された命令に忠実に従うものであるからだ。つまり先の電王戦の事態は、奇妙な手についての命令がコンピュータのプログラムに記述されていなかったことにより生じたと言える。
他方、この勝負がもし人間同士のものであったらどうなっていたか。恐らく、奇妙な手を指された側の人間はまず驚いていたに違いない。ただその後、もしその人がルールを知っているのであれば、王手をかけられていることは認識できたはずだ。コンピュータと同じような反則はまずしないはずである。
このようにコンピュータと人間とでは予期せぬことへの反応の仕方が大きく異なるように思う。予期せぬことに対し、コンピュータは気がつけず無視してしまう。その一方で、人間は予期せぬことには驚いてしまう。
ところで、この驚く人間をコンピュータで真似ることは容易ではない。この実現には、コンピュータは予期せぬことをも予期しておく必要がある。このことはコンピュータが次の手を指すために考慮しなければならない状況を非常に増やしてしまう問題を引き起こす。つまり次の一手を選ぶまでの計算時間を大きくし過ぎてしまうのである。そのため、電王戦で戦ったコンピュータにはあの奇妙な手についての命令が省かれていたそうだ。
つまるところ、コンピュータが難しいことを平然とやってのける人間は最高ということである。
※フレーム問題にはやや違和感がある。フレーム問題の例として挙げられている問題は問題設定の観点からの問題とアルゴリズムの観点からの問題との二つがある。それらは質的には異なる問題のはずであるが、それぞれが並列されてしまっていることに奇妙さを感じざるを得ない。後者については解消されつつある。
Do you know Denousen? It is a game of Japanese chess between a professional chess player and a computer. The other day, there was news about Denousen that the computer was defeated by a human because it broke the rules. This was because the computer could not support to a strange move by human. The strange move called "Narazu" which indicates that player did not select to turn over the Kaku. And that the computer could not support means it could not notice that it had been checked. Therefore the computer ignored the checkmate and broke the rules.
Today I want to talk about the human and the computer from this news.
According to the news, the computer was not able to notice this unexpected situation. This was because a computer plays in accordance faithfully to described instructions. That is to say, that situation in Denousen was caused by the fact that instructions for the strange move were not described in the computer's program.
On the other hand, if humans had played this game, what would have happened? Perhaps, if you played strange move, it would have surprised your opponent first. But then, if he knows the rules, he would notice the checkmate. He would not have broken the rules that the computer did.
Above this, I think reaction to the unexpected is very different between computers and humans. The computer could not notice the unexpected situation and then ignore it. On the other hand, humans are surprised when shown the unexpected.
By the way, it is not easy for a computer to imitate a surprised human. Because it is necessary to expect the unexpected. This causes a problem for a computer because the number of situations it must consider are increased greatly. That is to say, the calculation time to select next move become very large. Therefore, I hear instructions about strange moves have been omitted from the computer.
In the end, human beings cam do some things casually that are difficult for computers.
I would like to finish my speech here today. Thank you for listening to me.
Today I want to talk about the human and the computer from this news.
According to the news, the computer was not able to notice this unexpected situation. This was because a computer plays in accordance faithfully to described instructions. That is to say, that situation in Denousen was caused by the fact that instructions for the strange move were not described in the computer's program.
On the other hand, if humans had played this game, what would have happened? Perhaps, if you played strange move, it would have surprised your opponent first. But then, if he knows the rules, he would notice the checkmate. He would not have broken the rules that the computer did.
Above this, I think reaction to the unexpected is very different between computers and humans. The computer could not notice the unexpected situation and then ignore it. On the other hand, humans are surprised when shown the unexpected.
By the way, it is not easy for a computer to imitate a surprised human. Because it is necessary to expect the unexpected. This causes a problem for a computer because the number of situations it must consider are increased greatly. That is to say, the calculation time to select next move become very large. Therefore, I hear instructions about strange moves have been omitted from the computer.
In the end, human beings cam do some things casually that are difficult for computers.
I would like to finish my speech here today. Thank you for listening to me.
